Friday, November 9, 2012

COMPUTER HISTORY AND GENERATIONS

COMPUTER HISTORY

As we know, there are history behind everything. Same with computer, it has it's own history.
The early computer aren't like nowadays computers. It was limited to only do single job that is calculating. There are few type of ancient calculating device like abacus and arithmometer. But, as time passes through years, the modern computer was confirmed invented in the year of 1940 known as the vacuum tube. The modern computer keep growing until now to ensure the pleasure among the computer users.


abacus
arithmometer












VACUUM TUBE

1940 - 1956

The first generation of computer is big in physical size but small in storage size. It is to big, until can fit in a room just for the processor. The first generation of computer used vacuum tube for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

The most popular computer at the time named UNIVAC and ENIAC

VACUUM TUBE COMPUTER



TRANSISTOR

1956 - 1963


Transistor computer design was started in 1952. It was clear that the project could provide valuable experience in the use of the recently introduced transistors. It was built even though the germanium point transistors were more unreliable than valves, because semi-conductors held out the promise of lower power consumption, higher operating speeds, smaller size and greater reliability in the future.
The experimental Transistor Computer was first operational in November 1953 and it is believed to be the first transistor computer to come into operation anywhere in the world.






INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

1964 - 1971


In designing a complex electronic machine like a computer it was always necessary to increase the number of components involved in order to make technical advances. The monolithic (formed from a single crystal) integrated circuit placed the previously separated transistors, resistors, capacitors and all the connecting wiring onto a single crystal (or 'chip') made of semiconductor material. Kilby used germanium and Noyce used silicon for the semiconductor material.

In 1961 the first commercially available integrated circuits came from the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. All computers then started to be made using chips instead of the individual transistors and their accompanying parts.The original IC had only one transistor, three resistors and one capacitor and was the size of an adult's pinkie finger. Today an IC smaller than a penny can hold 125 million transistors.


MICROPROCESSOR
1971 - PRESENT

As with many advances in technology, the microprocessor was an idea whose time had come. Three projects arguably delivered a complete microprocessor at about the same time, Intel's 4004, Texas Instruments' TMS 1000, and Garrett AiResearch's Central Air Data Computer.
In a easy way, microprocessor hold thousand of integrated circuit in one small body of silicon chip.

early microprocessor
latest microprocessor




ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 

PRESENT AND BEYOND
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents" where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."
AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers. AI research is also divided by several technical issues. There are subfields which are focussed on the solution of specific problems, on one of several possible approaches, on the use of widely differing tools and towards the accomplishment of particular applications. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field's long term goals. Currently popular approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI. There are an enormous number of tools used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics, and many others.







COMPUTER CLASSIFICATIONS


COMPUTER COMPONENTS

There are three main component of computer. It is :

  1. Input Devices
  2. Storage Devices
  3. Output Devices


COMPUTER SYSTEM







A system of interconnected computers that connected to the same central storage system and other various of peripheral devices such as a scanners, printers, speaker or routers. Each component that connected to the system can operate independently, but has the ability to communicate with other external devices.

HOW IS COMPUTER WORK?

To accomplish any task involving the usage of a computer, we need a combination of hardware, software, and input. 


HARDWARE

Consists of devices, like the computer itself, the monitor, speakers, mouse, keyboard, and printer. Inside your computer there are another bits of hardware, including the motherboard, where you will find the main processing chips that make up the CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT or CPU. The hardware processes the commands it receives from the software, and performs tasks.




SOFTWARE

The name given to the programs that you install on the computer to perform certain types of task or activities. There is OPERATING SYSTEM or OS software, such as the Apple OS for a Macintosh, or Windows 8 or Windows 7 for a PC. There is also application software, like the games we play or the photoshop we use to edit pictures




INPUT

We need it when turn on the computer. Everything must pass through it to get into computer system. Input can take a variety of forms, from commands you enter from the keyboard to data from another computer or devices such as pendrive or floppy disk.

WHAT IS COMPUTER NETWORK?



WHATS THAT ???
Collection of  two or more connected computer which people can share files, informations and devices such as printer, modems or CD- ROM drives.
IN COMPUTER NETWORKING IT MUST CONTAIN !!!!

  • At least two (2) computers.
  • Networking Interface Card's or we know it as NIC
  • Connection medium such as wire or cable, or the latest medium, wireless communication.
  • Network operating system like :
    • LINUX
    • MACINTOSH
    • WINDOWS
    • NOVELL NETWERE
    • UNIX
TYPE OF NETWORK
     
  1. LOCAL AREA NETWORK ( LAN's ) - Geographic area such as single buildings , collage campus, or cyber cafe.
  2. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK ( MAN's) - Network computer in a city.
  3. WIDE ARE NETWORK ( WAN's ) - Combination of multiple LAN's